Results of neuropsychological tests should not be used as a stand-alone diagnostic tool, but should serve as one component used by health care professionals to make return to school and play decisions. If baseline testing is used, research suggests that most components of baseline testing be repeated annually to establish a valid test result for comparison.
Baseline computerized or paper-pencil neuropsychological tests may be repeated every 2 years. However, more frequent neuropsychological testing may be needed if an athlete has sustained a concussion or if the athlete has a medical condition that could affect results of the test.
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Minus Related Pages. What Is A Concussion? Concussion Signs and Symptoms. Responding to Concussion. Danger Signs. Is this a screening test? Has this test already been done? Does it need to be repeated? If so, when? Will the test improve patient or in some cases, family or partner care?
Is this the right test or combination of tests for the clinical situation? Is it the right time to do the test? How should the sample be taken? How should the sample be stored and transported? How will the test result be interpreted?
How will the test result influence patient management? What will be the consequences of a false positive result? Are there potential harms of doing this test? How will the patient be informed of the result?
Biological variation There are certain variations in laboratory test results that can be expected due to non-modifiable biological factors, such as age, biological rhythms and physiological changes during pregnancy.
Advancing age The physiological changes associated with ageing, along with increasing co-morbidities and polypharmacy, mean that older people are more likely to have test results that fall outside of the normal reference range. Biological rhythms Many laboratory parameters vary depending on the time of day, week, month or year when they are sampled.
Pregnancy Physiological changes during pregnancy result in alterations in many laboratory parameters, such as blood volume, liver and renal function and hormone levels Table 1, over page.
Diet and nutritional status Fasting, calorie restriction, food exclusion diets, malnutrition and dehydration can all affect laboratory results. Caffeine The effect of caffeine on laboratory parameters has not been fully studied. Alcohol The effect of alcohol consumption on laboratory investigations depends on the duration and extent of use.
Timing of investigation in relation to stage of illness The significance of an investigation can be dependent on when the sample was taken in relation to the stage of the disease process. Tobacco smoking Regular smoking and exposure to nicotine can have both acute and chronic effects on laboratory investigations, although the mechanisms behind these changes are not fully understood. Exercise The effect of exercise on laboratory parameters is dependent on the health status of the patient, air temperature during exercise and intake of food and water during or following exercise.
Medicines The medicines that a patient is taking can significantly affect some laboratory results, therefore this needs to be taken into consideration when interpreting results.
Analytical variation Analytical variation occurs due to imperfections in testing methods and equipment, which may cause analyte values to be slightly different each time they are measured. Collection, storage and transport of samples If a sample is being collected at the practice, it is important to be familiar with the type of collection container and sample medium that is required by the laboratory for the specific test, as this can affect results, sometimes markedly.
Other examples of collection or transport requirements for optimal test results include: Blood samples for coagulation studies, including platelet count, D-dimer, prothrombin time, APTT and fibrinogen, should be transported to laboratory within four hours of collection 6 Urine specimens for culture should be stored in a fridge prior to transportation to reduce the rate of multiplication of microorganisms Samples for glucose analysis should be separated as soon as possible after collection; this applies even with samples collected in fluoride or oxalate collection tubes, as reduction in glucose concentration still occurs for 60—90 minutes Samples for potassium or phosphate should not be left overnight, especially in the fridge, as results can be markedly altered, e.
Haemolysis Haemolysis is the destruction of red blood cells, resulting in release of haemoglobin and cellular constituents, e. Some of the analytes that can be affected when in vitro haemolysis has occurred include: 2 Elevations in potassium, AST ALT is less affected , lactate dehydrogenase, phosphate Reductions in bilirubin, troponin T, insulin Standardised sample collection and transport processes can help to prevent in vitro haemolysis, including: 3 Allowing alcohol to dry completely when it is used for skin sterilisation prior to venepuncture Not leaving a tourniquet on for longer than two minutes Using an appropriately sized needle for collection 20 — 22 gauge needles can be used for most routine collections Not removing the needle from the vein if the vacuum tube is attached Not exposing the specimen to extremes in temperature Avoiding vigorous mixing or shaking of tubes Avoiding delay in sending samples to the laboratory.
Basic skills in interpreting laboratory data. Available from: www. Kyle C Ed. Pathology handbook: a guide to the interpretation of pathology tests. New South Wales: Sonic Healthcare, Guder WG, editor. Samples: from the patient to the laboratory: the impact of preanalytical variables on the quality of laboratory results. Peck Palmer OM.
Effect of age, gender, diet, exercise and ethnicity on laboratory test results. In: Accurate results in the clinical laboratory: a guide to error detection and correction. London ; Waltham, MA: Elsevier, The influence of a cooked meat meal on estimated glomerular filtration rate. Ann Clin Biochem ;— Queensland Medical Laboratories. Pathology reference manual. Comments There are currently no comments for this article. Make a comment:. Please login to make a comment. This article is 6 years and 7 months old.
Social sharing. You may also like Inpractice Recertification programme ». South Link Health South Island general practice support ». SLH Group Practice acquisition and careers in health ». TSH; decreases first trimester, then returns to normal due to the effect of hCG. Sodium; slight decrease due to changes in blood volume and fluid homeostasis. Hormones; oestrogen, testosterone, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotrophin hCG , prolactin.
Iron binding transferrin levels ; significant increase even in a non-iron deficient woman due to the effect of oestrogen. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Measurement of catalase activity in tissue extracts. A spectrophotometric method for determination of catalase activity in small tissue samples. Automated assays for superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activity.
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Water Sewage Works. Differential modulation of cellular antioxidant status in zebrafish liver and kidney exposed to low dose arsenic trioxide. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. A simple assay for measuring catalase activity: a visual approach. Sci Rep. Download references. Hussein O. Al-Dahmoshi, Dr. Noor S. Al-Khafaji, and Dr. Alaa Tariq. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. MHH carried out experiments, analyzed data and drafted the manuscript.
The author read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Mahmoud Hussein Hadwan. The signed written consent of the participant included in the study was obtained. Informed consent has been obtained before beginning the study. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Reprints and Permissions. Hadwan, M. Simple spectrophotometric assay for measuring catalase activity in biological tissues. BMC Biochem 19, 7 Download citation. Received : 27 October Accepted : 30 July Published : 03 August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background The details of a precise, accurate, and sensitive spectrophotometric method for measuring catalase activity are presented here. Conclusion This method is appropriate for analyzing bacteria, red blood cells and liver and kidney tissue homogenates. Background Catalase EC 1.
Full size image. Table 1 The effects of several interfering chemicals on the activity of the catalase enzyme Full size table. Table 2 The precision of the present method Full size table. Table 4 Analytical recovery of activity of catalase enzyme added to the reaction solution Full size table. Discussion This paper describes a new method for assessing catalase activity in various biological samples.
Conclusions This paper describes a simple method for assessing the activity of the catalase enzyme, which can be completed with only a few steps. Methods Principle The current method is based on the concept of establishing a simple assay of catalase enzyme activity for biological tissues, which depends on the conversion of the oxidation state of cobalt II to cobalt III by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of bicarbonate solution.
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