Psilocybe baeocystis. Photos by Stan Czolowski. Fairly long term and stable populations may grow in disused clearings that have grown in with alder trees, broom and Rubus plants such as Blackberries and other brambles. Psilocybe cyanescens. Photos by Paul Kroeger and Stan Czolowski. This mushroom is found rarely growing in tangled roots of shrubs and trees along flood zones of wild mountain rivers. It has also been found in landscaped areas in woodchip mulches.
Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa. Photos by Paul Kroeger. This European mushroom has appeared occasionally in grassy fields and grazed pastures in the Lower Mainland. It resembles the common weed mushroom Psilocybe stuntzii in having a membranous ring on its stem.
Despite their name, the use of hallucinogenic drugs rarely results in true hallucinations. The hallucinogens are a chemically diverse class. Grouping the hallucinogens based on their chemical structure includes, but is not limited to, three major classes: indolealkylamines or tryptamines e. LSD , psilocybine and psilocin , phenethylamines , including mescaline and methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA ; and cannabinoids.
Psilocybin PY, 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine is the main psychoactive principle of hallucinogenic mushrooms. After ingestion, psilocybin is converted into the pharmacologically active form psilocin. Psilocin itself is also present in the mushroom, but in smaller amounts. Psilocybin and psilocin are both indolealkylamines and structurally similar to the neurotransmitter serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT.
Besides psilocybin and psilocin, two further tryptamines — baeocystin and norbaeocystin — could also be present but are thought to be less active than the former two. Psilocybin psilocybine, psilocibina, psilocybinum, psylosybiini CAS -number: is 4-phosphoryloxy-NN-dimethyltryptamine. According to IUPAC , the fully systematic chemical name is [3- 2-dimethylaminoethyl -1H-indolyl] dihydrogen phosphate. Psilocybin is the dihydrogen phospate of psilocin. Psilocybin is soluble in water, moderately soluble in methanol and ethanol, and insoluble in most organic solvents.
Psilocybin is a prodrug of psilocin, in vivo the molecule is metabolised into psilocin by dephosphorylation. Psilocin is an isomer of bufotenine , it differs only in the position of the hydroxylgroup.
Psilocin is relatively unstable in solution. Under alkaline conditions in the presence of oxygen it immediately forms bluish and black degradation products.
Molecular formula: C 12 H 16 N 2 0 Molecular weight: The fungi containing psilocybin and psilocin mainly belong to the genuses Psilocybe , Panaeolus and Copelandia and their number exceeds 50 species. Most of the mushrooms containing psilocybin are small brown or tan mushrooms.
In the wild, these mushrooms are easily mistaken for any number of non-psychoactive, inedible, or poisonous mushrooms. This makes them difficult, and potentially hazardous, to identify. Because it is difficult to distinguish non-psilocybin species from the hallucinogenic ones by morphological observation in the wild, psilocybin-containing mushrooms may also be easily ingested unintentionally. Hallucinogenic mushrooms resemble the common store mushroom Agaricus bisporus , although the flesh of Psilocybe mushrooms characteristically turns blue or green when bruised or cut.
An identification method based on a genetic approach has been developed. United States. Top Cities View All Destinations. Buenos Aires. Dallas-Fort Worth. Mexico City. Trending Regions. Trending Cities. Our Trips. Travel Map. About Matador Careers Advertise.
More like this. Lifestyle Everything you need to know about doing magic mushrooms. What did you think of this story? Trending Now. Their practices were shaped by ecological values and a collaborative multispecies ethos that promiscuously adapted modern lab techniques. The history and present of psilocybin mushrooms in North America is a model of Latourian nature-culture: it undermines the binary on which constructions of naturalness rely.
It also provides an opening for popular iterations of the nature-culture concept and the co-creation of human and nonhuman life. Psilocybin mushrooms were first cultivated indoors beginning in the mids.
Although psilocybin and psilocin were criminalized in , in most states the possession of spores and mycelia of psilocybin-active species remained legal. An underground industry of mail-order Psilocybe spores sprouted up; would-be psychonauts simply had to learn to cultivate mushrooms from spores. Psilocybe cubensis became the model organism for underground cultivation.
A tropical species originally found in Cuba hence the name but also common in Central and South America, P. Since the s, these cultivation methods were codified and refined through countless tweaks that were shared online by mostly pseudonymous users. During this same period, amateur mycologists in North America began practicing a form of guerrilla wild-crafting of native psilocybin-species across rural, urban, and periurban landscapes.
As Anna Tsing has shown us, mushrooms thrive at the edges, in disturbed habitat, following the worlds we humans create.
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